2个回答
1.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
对于40岁以下的普通读者而言，他们难以，甚至根本无法想象一个能在大多数大都市报纸上读到高质量艺术评论的时代。
形式主语：It
真正主语：to imagine a time
表语：difficult
定语从句：when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers
2. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”
“能够拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋来坚持新闻写作的作家是如此之少”，纽曼写道，“以致于我不禁想把‘新闻写作’定义成为没读者的作家对有读者作家的‘蔑称’”。
主语：Newman
谓语：wrote
直接引语做宾语：So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism
结果状语从句：that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers
定语从句：who are not read; who are
3. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的法令，宣称此案将由该法院全部12位法官听审，而不是典型的三人组听审，并且宣称法院想要评估一个问题，即，是否需要“重新审议”对道富银行案的裁决。
主语：The Federal Circuit
谓语：issued
宾语：an unusual order
非谓语（分词）：stating
宾语从句：that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges;
定语从句：it wants to evaluate
表语从句：whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling
1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please. 3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词 （1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。 （2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点： ①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 this is the place which is worth visiting. ②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 there are many places we can visit（them）in china. 4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词 关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。 关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。 5、确定关系词的步骤 （1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 （2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which （1）先行词被①形容词* ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。 （2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。 （3）先行词中既有人又有物时。 he was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus. （4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。 the village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago. （5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。 which are the books that you bought for me ? 7、宜用which而不用that的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介词时 （3）当先行词本身是that时 （4）当关系词离先行词较远时 8、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词 （1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。 （2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。 （3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。 who is that girl that is standing by the window? （4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。 9、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如： do you know mr.smith whose story is very moving ? there is a room, whose window faces the river. there is a room, the window of which faces the river. 10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 （1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。 such books as you bought are useful. the school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 注意：区别①such … that … 引导的结果状语从句。they are such lovely children that we love them much.②the same … that … 引导定语从句。i want to use the same tool that you used just now. （2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。 区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。 he didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected. there is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out. as is known, the earth is round, not flat. 11、关系副词when与where、why、that when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which where指地点 = in / at / from / which why指原因 = for which 当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合） i don’t like the way that / in which / he talks. 当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。 this is the first time i have given you a lesson in french. 12、必须注意的问题 （1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 （2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。 ①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 ②强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。 ③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 it is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句) it was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句） （3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 ①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 ②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。 word came that their army was defeated.(同位语) we expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) （4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。 ①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 ②关系词作表语。 （5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。 （6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。 （7）几个特殊的定语从句句型： ①he is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one为先行词） he is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词） ②is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? ③he stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. ④it may rain, in which case the match will be put off.